2025

Rajamäki, Jyri

Digitalisation of health care has radically transformed how patient data is managed, care is delivered, and services are produced. The proliferation of Electronic Health Records (EHR), mobile health (mHealth), and various cyber-physical systems (CPS) has brought significant benefits, but also increased the vulnera­bility of systems to cyber threats. Cyber security is no longer merely a technical issue – it is a socio­technical challenge where technology, people, and organisational processes form a complex, inter­connected whole. Traditional cyber security strategies have often focused on protecting individual technical components, such as firewalls, encryption, and system updates. However, these approaches are insufficient to address vulnerabilities in health care systems that arise from human error, outdated infrastructure, inadequate training, unclear policies, and poor communi­cation. Cyberattacks like ransomware do not only target technology – they exploit human behaviour and organisational weaknesses. (Ewoh & Vartiainen 2024)