Learning interaction is a key competence in teacher’s formative assessment in classroom. The VOPA model includes phased descriptions of learning interaction, which supports an idea of learning interaction as a developing skill. The phased descriptions of VOPA model can be used in planning, implementation, and reflection of classroom interaction in teacher pre-service and in-service training. Teacher educators may use the research-based descriptions for observing and guiding student teachers in their teaching practice.

2021