The growth mechanism of titanium dioxide onto activated carbon was determined through the growth per cycle values. The crystal structure of the deposited films was determined using x-ray diffraction and the surface defect sites of the samples are measured by Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the presence of titanium dioxide and it associated surface functional groups. Surface morphology and elemental composition studies were utilized to analyze the film uniformity and a high resolution cross-sectional images to study the film conformity. Extensive charge-discharge cycles were performed to calculate the specific capacitance and the equivalent series resistance. Cyclic voltammetry studies were utilized to study the electrochemical behavior of the bare and titanium dioxide coated activated carbon electrodes.

2025